I was messing around performing investigative work on a pod running SQL Server 2025 in Kubernetes the other day and noticed something…the sqlservr process is no longer PID 1 in its container.

Instead there is: –

Hmm, ok we have a script /opt/mssql/bin/launch_sqlservr.sh and then the sqlservr binary is called.

I swear this wasn’t always the case, have I seen that before? Started to doubt myself so spun up a pod running an older version of SQL (2019 CU5) and took a look: –

Ahh ok, there has been a change. Now those two processes there are expected, one is essentially a watcher process and the other is sql server (full details here: –
https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/sqlserver/sql-server-on-linux-why-do-i-have-two-sql-server-processes/3204412)

I went and had a look at a 2022 image and that script is there as well…so there has been a change at some point to execute that script first in the container (not sure when and I’m not going back to check all the different images 🙂 )

Right, but what is that script doing?

Now this is a bit of a rabbit hole but from what I can work out, that script calls three other scripts: –

/opt/mssql/bin/permissions_check.sh
Checks the location and ownership of the master database.

/opt/mssql/bin/init_custom_setup.sh
Determines whether one-time SQL Server initialization should run on first startup.

/opt/mssql/bin/run_custom_setup.sh
If initialisation is enabled, wait for SQL Server to be ready, then use environment variables and the setup-scripts directory to perform a custom setup.

Oooooh, OK…custom setup available? Let’s have a look at that.

Essentially it comes down to whether or not SQL is spinning up for the first time (so we haven’t persisted data from one container to another) and if certain environment variables are set…these are: –

MSSQL_DB – used to create a database
MSSQL_USER – login/user for that database
MSSQL_PASSWORD – password for that login
MSSQL_SETUP_SCRIPTS_LOCATION – location for custom scripts

Nice…so let’s have a go at using those!

Here’s a SQL Server 2025 Kubernetes manifest using the first three: –

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: mssql-statefulset-test
spec:
  serviceName: "mssql"
  replicas: 1
  podManagementPolicy: Parallel
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: mssql-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: mssql-pod
    spec:
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 10001
      containers:
        - name: mssql-container-test
          image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2025-RTM-ubuntu-22.04
          ports:
            - containerPort: 1433
              name: mssql-port
          env:
            - name: ACCEPT_EULA
              value: "Y"
            - name: MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD
              value: "Testing1122"
            - name: MSSQL_DB
              value: "testdatabase"
            - name: MSSQL_USER
              value: "testuser"
            - name: MSSQL_PASSWORD
              value: "Testing112233"

Then if we look at the logs for SQL in that pod (I’ve stripped out the normal startup messages): –

Creating database testdatabase
2026-01-23 10:56:38.48 spid51      [DBMgr::FindFreeDatabaseID] Next available DbId EX locked: 5
2026-01-23 10:56:38.56 spid51      Starting up database 'testdatabase'.
2026-01-23 10:56:38.59 spid51      Parallel redo is started for database 'testdatabase' with worker pool size [2].
2026-01-23 10:56:38.60 spid51      Parallel redo is shutdown for database 'testdatabase' with worker pool size [2].
Creating login testuser with password defined in MSSQL_PASSWORD environment variable
Changed database context to 'testdatabase'.

There it is creating the database! Cool!

But what about the last environment variable, the custom scripts location?

From the startup scripts, this has a default value of /mssql-server-setup-scripts.d so let’s drop a script in there and see what happens.

To do this I created a simple T-SQL script to create a test database: –

CREATE DATABASE testdatabase2;

And then created a configmap in Kubernetes referencing that script: –

kubectl create configmap mssql-setup-scripts --from-file=./create-database.sql

Now we can reference that in our SQL manifest: –

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: mssql-statefulset-test
spec:
  serviceName: "mssql"
  replicas: 1
  podManagementPolicy: Parallel
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: mssql-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: mssql-pod
    spec:
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 10001
      containers:
        - name: mssql-container-test
          image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2025-RTM-ubuntu-22.04
          ports:
            - containerPort: 1433
              name: mssql-port
          env:
            - name: ACCEPT_EULA
              value: "Y"
            - name: MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD
              value: "Testing1122"
          volumeMounts:
            - name: setup-scripts
              mountPath: /mssql-server-setup-scripts.d
              readOnly: true
      volumes:
        - name: setup-scripts
          configMap:
            name: mssql-setup-scripts

And now we have these entries in the SQL startup log: –

Executing custom setup script /mssql-server-setup-scripts.d/create-database.sql
2026-01-23 11:08:52.08 spid60      Starting up database 'testdatabase2'.

Ha, and there’s our script being executed and the database created!

I had a look around and couldn’t see this documented anywhere (it may be somewhere though) but hey, another way of customising SQL Server in a container.

Although in reality I’d probably be using a custom image for SQL Server but this was fun to dive into 🙂

Thanks for reading!